References
Anderson, G.W., Pillans, R.D., Hyodo, S., Tsukada, T., Good, J.P., Takei, Y. et al. 2006. The effects of freshwater to seawater transfer on circulating levels of angiotensin II C-type natriuretic peptide and arginine vasotocin in the euryhaline elasmobranch, Carcharhinus leucas. Gen Comp Endocr. 147: 39–46.
Babel, J.S. 1967. Reproduction, life history and ecology of the round stingray Urolophus halleri Cooper. Calif. Dept. Fish Game Fish. Bull. 137: 1-104.
Bailly, N. 2013. Carcharhinus leucas. In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013 FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=105792 on 2014-03-10
Borucinska,J.D. and Caira,J.N. 2006. Mode of attachment and leisons associated with trypanorhynch cestodes in the gastrointestinal tracts of two species of sharks collected from coastal waters of Borneo. J. fish dis. 29(7):67-109.
Breder, C.M. and Rosen, D.E. 1966. Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941
Bryant, C.W. 2014. How Bull Sharks Work. Available: http://science.howstuffworks.com/zoology/marine-life/bull-shark3.htm. Last accessed 5th March 2014.
Cliff, G. and Dudley, F.J. 1991. Sharks caught in the protective gill nets off Natal, South Africa. 4. The bull shark Carcharhinus leucas Valenciennes. Afr. J. Marine Sci.10 (1): 253-270.
Commonwealth of Australia. n.d. Sharks in Australian waters. Available: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/marine/marine-species/sharks. Last accessed 22th Feb 2014.
Compagno, L. 1984. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fish.Synop.4 (2): 251-655.
Compagno, L.J.V. 1984. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/2):251-655.
Compagno, L.J.V., Ebert, D.A. and Smale, M.J. 1989. Guide to the sharks and rays of southern Africa. New Holland (Publ.) Ltd., London. 158.
Crist, R. 2002. "Carcharhinus leucas" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Available: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Carcharhinus_leucas/. Last accessed 10th March 2014.
Curtis, T. n.d. Education Biological Profiles. Available: http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/bullshark/bullshark.htm. Last accessed 3rd March 2014.
Daly, R., Froneman, P.W. and Smale, M.J. 2013. Comparative Feeding Ecology of Bull Sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) in the Coastal Waters of the Southwest Indian Ocean Inferred from Stable Isotope Analysis. PLoS One. 8 (10).
Gelsleichter, J. and Szabo, N.J. 2013. Uptake of human pharmaceuticals in bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) inhabiting a wastewater-impacted river. Sci Total Environ. 456-457: 196-201.
Gerzeli, G., Stefano, G.F., Bolognani, L., Koenig, K.W., Gervaso, M.V. and Omodeo-Sale´ ,M. 1969. The rectal gland in relation to the osmoregulatory mechanisms of marine and freshwater elamobranchs In: Thorson TB (ed) Investigations of the ichthyofauna of Nicaraguan lakes. School of Life Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 619–627.
Handwerk, B. 2005. Shark Facts: Attack Stats, Record Swims, More. Available: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/0613_050613_sharkfacts.html. Last accessed 22th Feb 2014.
Heupel, M.R. and Simpfendorfer, C.A. 2008. Movement and distribution of young bull sharks Carcharhinus leucas in a variable estuarine environment. Aquatic Biology. 1: 277–289.
Hirose, S., Keneko, T., Naito, N. and Takei, Y. 2003. Molecular biology of major components of chloride cells. Comp Biochem Physiol 136:593–620.
Hueter, R.E and Tyminski, J.P. 2007. Species-specific distribution and habitat characteristics of shark nurseries in Gulf of Mexico waters off Peninsular Florida and Texas. Amer Fish Soc Symp. 50: 193-223.
Jensen, N.H. 1976. Reproduction of the bull shark, Carchahinous leucas, in the Lake Nicaragua Rio San Juan system. In Investigations of the Ichthyofauna of Nicaraguan Lakes(ed Thorson,T.B .), 539-559. Lincoln, NE: School of Life Sciences, University of Nebraska.
Johnson, M.R. and Snelson, F.F. 1996. Reproductive life history of the Atlantic stingray Dasyatis sabina (Pisces Dasyatidae), in the freshwater St. Johns River, Florida. Bull. Mar. Sci. 59: 74-88.
Kenny,J. 2012. Global Shark Conservation. Available: http://www.pewenvironment.org/about-us/. Last accessed 22th Feb 2014.
Last, P. R. and Stevens, J. D. 2009. Sharks and Rays of Australia. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing
MarineBio. (n.d). Bull Sharks,( Carcharhinus leucas). Available: http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=83. Last accessed 3rd March 2014.
Matich, P. and Heithaus, M.R. 2013. Multi-tissue stable isotope analysis and acoustic telemetry reveal seasonal variability in the trophic interactions of juvenile bull sharks in a coastal estuary. J Anim Ecol. 83 (1): 199-213.
McCormick, S.D.,Farrell, A.P.and Brauner, C.J. 2013. Fish Physiology: Euryhaline Fishes. Oxford: Academic Press. 45-195.
Munn, C.B. 2006. Viruses as pathogens of marine organisms from bacteria to whales. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. 86: 453-467.
Pillans, R.D. and Franklin, C.E., 2004. Plasma osmolyte concentrations and rectal gland mass. Available at: http://www.int-res.com/articles/ab2007/1/b001p277.pdf.Last accessed 26 Feb 2014.
Pillans, R.D., Anderson, W.J., Good, J.P., Hyodo, S., Takey, Y., Hazon, N. and Frabklin, C.E. 2006. Plasma and erythrocyte solute properties of juvenile bull sharks Carcharhinus leucas, acutely exposed to increasing environmental salinity. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 331: 145- 157.
Pillans, R.D., Good, J.P., Anderson, W.G.,Hazon, N. and Franklin, C.E. 2008. Rectal gland morphology of freshwater and seawater acclimated bull sharks Carcharhinus leucas. J Fish Biol. 72 (7): 1559-1571.
Pillans, R.D., Jonathan, P., Good, W., Anderson, G., Hazon, N. and Franklin ,C.E. 2004. Freshwater to seawater acclimation of juvenile bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas): plasma osmolytes and Na+/K+-ATPase activity in gill, rectalgland, kidney and intestine. J Comp Physiol B. 175: 37–44.
Poynton, S.L.,Campbell, T.W. and Palm, H.W. (1997). Skin lesions in captive lemon sharks Negaprion brevirostris (Carcharhinidae) associated with the monogenean Neodermophthirius harkemai Price, 1963 (microbothriidae). Dis Aquat Org. 31: 29-33.
Reilly, B.D., Cramp, R.L., Wilson, J.M. . Campbell, H.A. and Franklin, C.E. 2011 . Branchial osmoregulation in the euryhaline bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas: a molecular analysis of ion transporters. J. Exp. Biol. 214: 2883-2895.
Ritter, E.K. (1999). Fact Sheet: Bull Sharks. Shark info. 3 (1): 99.
Ritter, E.K. 2009. Fact Sheet: Bull Sharks. Available: http://www.sharkinfo.ch/SI3_99e/cleucas.html. Last accessed 22th Feb 2014.
Simpfendorfer, C., Freitas, G., Wiley, T. and Heupel, M. 2005. Distribution and habitat partitioning of immature bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) in a Southwest Florida estuary. Estuaries and Coasts. 28: 78-85.
Speight, M.R and Henderson, P.A 2010. Marine Ecology: Concepts and Applications. Chicester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. 83-101.
Tennesen, M. 2012. The Bull Shark's Double Life. EBSCO Host. 50 (1): 16-17.
Thorson, T.B .1971. Movement of bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas, between Caribbean Sea and Lake Nicaragua demonstrated by tagging. Copeia. 2:336–338
Thorson, T.B. 1972. Status of the bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas, in the Amazon River. Copeia. 3:601–605
Wetherbee, B.M., Gruber, S.H. and Cortes, E. 1990. Diet, feeding habits, digestion, and consumption in sharks, with special reference to the lemon shark, Negaprion brevirostris. p. 29-47. In H.L. Pratt, Jr., S.H. Gruber and T. Taniuchi (eds.) Elasmobranchs as living resources: advances in the biology, ecology, systematics, and the status of the fisheries. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS. 90: 517 p.
Plessis, D.A. n.d. Sharks: Buoyancy. Available at: http://www.sharksinfo.com/buoyancy.html#.Uyc85_l_vPo. Last accessed 3rd March 2014.
UnderwaterTimes. 2007. Scientists To Assess Effects Of Pharmaceutical Pollutants On Bull Sharks. Available: http://www.underwatertimes.com/news.php?article_id=10926357840. Last accessed 26th Feb 2014.
Natureserve. 2009. Carcharhinus leucas . Available: http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Carcharhinus+leucas. Last accessed 24th Feb 2014.
Simpfendorfer, C. & Burgess, G.H. 2009. Carcharhinus leucas. Available: http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39372/0. Last accessed 22th Feb 2014.
ARKive. 2013. Bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas). Available: http://www.arkive.org/bull-shark/carcharhinus-leucas/. Last accessed 5th March 2014.
Aquaticcommunity. 2004. Bull Shark. Available: http://www.aquaticcommunity.com/sharkfish/bullshark.php. Last accessed 24th Feb 2014.
Bristol Zoo. (n.d.). Red-bellied piranha. Available: http://www.conservationpark.org.uk/red-bellied-piranha. Last accessed 14th March 2014.
Figure references
Figure 1: Skerry, B.J., n.d. Bull Shark swimming in shallow waters. [electronic print] Cited by National Geographic. Available at: http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/bull-shark/
Figure 2a & 2b: 2a: Anon, n.d. Showing bull shark has a short, blunt and broadly rounded snout. 2b: Shows the upper teeth of the bull shark. They are broadly triangular and strongly serrated. Available at: http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/fisheries/species-identification/shark-identification-guide/photo-guide-to-sharks/sharks,-part-1/bull-shark
Figure 3 & 4: Cesarano, D. 2014. Bull shark features.
Figure 5a & 5b: 5a: Deitsch, S. J. n.d. Possibly pregnant female bull shark. 5b: FLMNH. n.d. A tagged bull shark pup being released in its nursery ground.
Figure 7: Anon.n.d. Dr. Neil Hammerschlag pulling up a 1,000-pound bull shark. Available at: http://www.livescience.com/20806-bull-shark-picture.html
Figure 8: Anon. n.d. Dead Bull shark on local tour company vessel. Available at: http://www.sanpedrosun.com/conservation/2014/02/07/concerns-raised-bull-shark-fished-local-tour-company/
Figure 9: Cesarano, D. 2014 Internal organs that help in urea production, ion content balance.
Figure 10: Leyland, R. 2014. Reb-bellied piranha swimming.
Figure 11: Cesarano, D.2014. Tank dimension of the ‘new home’ of Red-bellied piranha.
Figure 12:Cesarano, D. 2014. A. Filtration tank (with an ammonia alert level); B. 2 external filtration pumps and C. UV florescent light.